Rug Guide: Choose the Right Rug for Your Horse

Deciding when a horse should wear a rug depends on several factors, with temperature, weather conditions, and the horse’s individual needs playing the biggest roles. Many horse owners choose to follow general guidelines, but it is important to observe your horse and adapt to the specific conditions.

The table below shows which types of rugs are suitable for different temperatures and different types of clipping:

Note: Weather conditions such as wind, rain, and snow increase the need for a rug at higher temperatures than those shown in the table.

Strong winds can cause the horse to lose body heat more quickly, even when the temperature is not particularly low. Rain can soak the horse’s coat and dramatically reduce its insulating ability. Therefore, always take the conditions into account when choosing a rug for your horse.

Clipped horses need a rug at temperatures up to 15°C, as they have lost their natural insulation. A clipped horse does not have the same ability to retain heat as a horse with a full winter coat. Unclipped horses can generally cope with cold down to 5°C without a rug, but older horses or horses in poor body condition may need extra protection.

Individual factors such as age, breed, activity level, and body condition also significantly affect rug requirements. Older horses often have more difficulty regulating their body temperature and may benefit from a rug at higher temperatures. Hardy breeds such as Icelandic horses or Norwegian Fjord horses tolerate cold better than warmbloods or thoroughbreds.

It is also important to note that horses that are accustomed to going without a rug, and therefore are much more resilient to weather and cold, may not need a rug at any time of the year - even when temperatures drop below freezing.

There are many different types of rugs designed for specific purposes and weather conditions. Understanding the differences will help you choose the right rug for your horse based on the season and its needs.

A rain rug is designed to keep the horse dry without adding much extra warmth. The name suggests its primary function - protection against rain and moisture. A rain rug is typically waterproof with minimal or no fill, making it ideal for mild spring and autumn periods when the horse mainly needs protection from the weather.

A good rain rug keeps the horse dry even in heavy rain, while breathability ensures the horse does not overheat. Many rain rugs can be used on their own in temperatures between 5–15°C or as an outer layer over a stable rug in colder weather.

Transitional rugsTransitional rugs combine weather protection with moderate warmth and are ideal for the changeable Danish weather in spring and autumn. With 100–250 grams of fill, they provide sufficient insulation on cool days without being too warm if temperatures rise again.

These rugs are especially practical during periods with large temperature fluctuations, when the weather can change from mild to cold within the same day. Most rugs in this category are both waterproof and breathable.

A winter rug is designed for the coldest months and provides maximum warmth with 250–450 grams of fill or more. A proper winter rug keeps the horse warm even in freezing temperatures and combines heavy insulation with effective protection against the cold.

Many winter rugs feature additional details such as attachment points for a separate neck cover and reinforcements at the shoulder and chest areas. When temperatures drop below freezing, a high-quality winter rug is essential to keep the horse warm and healthy.

A stable rug is designed for indoor use and is typically not waterproof. In the stable, the horse is protected from direct weather exposure, so the focus is on warmth rather than waterproofing. Stable rugs are available with fill weights ranging from 0–550 grams, making it easy to find one that suits your horse’s specific needs.

Since stable rugs do not need to withstand rain and wind, they can be made from more breathable materials that provide greater comfort for the horse. They are also often easier to wash and maintain than outdoor rugs.

Summer rugs and fly rugs are designed to protect against insects and the sun’s rays rather than cold. These lightweight rugs, often made from mesh materials, keep flies, mosquitoes, and other insects away from the horse while allowing air to circulate.

Many horses suffer from allergies or irritation caused by insect bites, and a fly rug can provide significant relief during the summer months. Some summer rugs also offer UV protection, which is especially important for horses with sensitive skin or light-colored markings.

A cooler rug is a lightweight rug used after training or washing to help the horse cool down and dry gradually without getting cold. The material is often fleece or a quick-drying technical fabric that effectively wicks sweat and moisture away from the horse’s coat.

Cooler rugs are ideal for preventing chills when the horse is sweaty after physical activity. They are commonly used in the stable, during transport, or while the horse is cooling down after riding. Many models feature double front closures and can be used on their own or layered under another rug in colder periods.

A quarter rug is a specialized rug that covers the horse’s hindquarters and loins, typically used during riding in cold or windy conditions. It is fastened in front of the saddle and lies over the horse’s back and hindquarters, helping to keep the muscles warm during warm-up or light exercise.

Quarter rugs are available in fleece versions for light warmth as well as waterproof, lined versions for outdoor riding in rain and cold. They are particularly useful for clipped horses or horses that are sensitive to cold across the back, and they can easily be put on or removed even while the rider is mounted.

Measuring your horse correctly is essential to ensure a good fit and to avoid problems such as rubbing or restricted movement. An incorrect size can lead to discomfort and, in the worst case, injuries to the horse.

To measure your horse, use a soft measuring tape and place it at the horse’s chest—the highest point of the shoulder where the neck meets the back. Measure from there in a straight line along the horse’s side to where the rug should end, typically just behind the hindquarters.

Rugs are typically available in the following standard sizes: 75 cm, 85 cm, 95 cm, 105 cm, 115 cm, 125 cm, 135 cm, 145 cm, 155 cm, and 165 cm. Many manufacturers also offer in-between sizes and larger sizes for big horses.

If your measurement falls between two sizes, you should always round up to the next size. It is better for a rug to be slightly too large than too small. A rug that is too small can restrict the horse’s movement and create uncomfortable pressure points.

Once the rug is on the horse, you should check several important points to ensure a good fit:

• The rug should reach under the belly and behind the elbows without hanging too low. The neck opening should not be so large that the rug slips back, nor so small that it presses against the neck.
  
  

• At the horse’s chest, there should be enough room for you to slide a flat hand under the rug.
  
  

• Check that the straps are neither too tight nor too loose. They should be adjustable so they lie close to the body without bothering the horse when it moves.
  
  

• Leg straps should be passed between the hind legs and fastened to the opposite side to prevent the rug from slipping.

The fill weight of a rug is measured in grams per square meter and determines how much insulation it provides. Choosing the right number of grams depends on the temperature, the horse’s clipping status, and its individual needs.

The table below provides guidance on fill weights based on temperature and whether the horse is clipped:

At temperatures above 10°C with light rain or wind, 0–100 grams of fill is often sufficient for unclipped horses.

In temperatures between 5–15°C, most horses will benefit from 100–250 grams of fill, while temperatures below 5°C and clipped horses require 250–450 grams of fill or more.

The quality of a rug is largely determined by its construction and materials. Understanding the different components will help you choose a high-quality rug that lasts longer and provides better protection.

The material of the outer fabric is typically measured in denier, which indicates how thick and strong the fabric is. Higher denier generally means greater resistance to tearing and wear. Most high-quality rugs use denier values between 600 and 1800.

Waterproofing is measured in hydrostatic head, which indicates the amount of water in millimeters that one square centimeter of a material can withstand over 24 hours. A minimum of 1,000 mm is recommended for rain rugs. For winter rugs, 3,000–5,000 mm or more is recommended to ensure the horse stays dry even during prolonged heavy rain.

Breathability is measured in MVP (moisture vapor permeability) and should be above 1,000 MVP. This ensures that moisture from the horse’s body can escape through the material, helping to prevent the horse from getting cold under the rug.

Shoulder gussets are specially shaped areas at the shoulders that allow greater freedom of movement when the horse walks or runs. This feature is particularly important for active horses or horses that spend long periods turned out.

Front closures may consist of buckles, Velcro, or clips. Buckles are generally the most durable, while Velcro is easier to handle but can lose its holding power over time. Adjustable straps allow the fit to be fine-tuned.

Belly straps and leg straps should be adjustable to ensure a secure fit without being too tight. Elastic sections in the straps provide flexibility as the horse moves. Many modern rugs also feature safety release systems that automatically open if the horse becomes caught.

A tail flap protects the tail dock and provides extra coverage of the hindquarters. This is especially important in windy conditions, where cold air can enter under the rug from behind.

A neck cover, often purchased separately from the rug itself, provides extra warmth for the neck and poll in cold weather. It attaches to the main rug and helps ensure there are no gaps in protection.

Proper use and maintenance of rugs not only extend their lifespan but also ensure your horse’s comfort and well-being. Regular attention to details makes a significant difference for both the rug and the horse.

Daily checks of the horse’s temperature under the rug are essential to ensure the rug is working optimally. Slide your hand under the rug at the shoulder and feel whether the horse is warm and dry, or warm and sweaty.

If the horse is sweating under the rug, switch to a lighter rug. Sweat can make the horse cold as it dries and creates an environment where bacteria and fungi can thrive.

Cleaning the horse before putting on the rug helps prevent dirt and mud from building up underneath. A clean horse also means a cleaner rug that lasts longer.

Regular washing and maintenance of the rug are essential to preserve its waterproofing and breathability. Always follow the care instructions, as incorrect washing can damage the material’s properties.

Most rugs can be machine washed at 30–40°C using a mild detergent. Avoid bleach and fabric softeners, as these can damage waterproofing and breathability. It can be beneficial to use a detergent specifically designed for outdoor rugs.

After washing, the rug should be air-dried—avoid using a tumble dryer, as high heat can damage the materials.

Regularly check for wear and tear, and repair any damage promptly. Small holes or tears can be fixed early before they turn into bigger problems.

Proper storage during the summer months significantly extends the rug’s lifespan. Rugs should be washed and completely dry before storage. Store them in a dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight.

Rotating between multiple rugs allows each rug to dry fully between uses, which helps prevent odor issues and extends durability. Many horse owners keep at least two rugs of each type, so one can be in use while the other is drying or being washed.

Regular reproofing of the waterproof coating may be necessary after repeated washes. Special reproofing products for technical textiles are available from equestrian retailers.

As with all aspects of horse care, there are both advantages and disadvantages to using rugs. Understanding both sides helps you make the best decision for your horse.

• Protection from the weather is the most obvious benefit of rugs. A good rug keeps the horse dry in rain, protects against wind, and provides extra warmth in cold weather. This is especially important for clipped horses.
  
  

• Protection against insects in summer can be a great relief for horses that suffer from allergies or are particularly sensitive to bites. Fly rugs and summer rugs significantly reduce stress and discomfort caused by mosquitoes, flies, and other insects.
  
  

• Reduced winter coat is an advantage for many sport horses. When a horse is rugged early in the season, it does not develop as thick a winter coat, making it easier to ride and care for during the winter months.
  
  

• Easier daily care results from the reduced coat. A horse wearing a rug is often cleaner and requires less daily grooming, saving time for busy horse owners.

• Risk of overheating is a real concern, especially when temperatures rise quickly or when horse owners are too quick to use heavy rugs. An overheated horse can become dehydrated and uncomfortable.
  
  

• Reduced natural hardiness can occur if horses become too dependent on rugs. Horses that never experience cold may lose some of their natural ability to adapt to changing weather, making them more vulnerable if a rug were to come off.
  
  

• Increased maintenance and costs are unavoidable with rug use. Rugs need to be washed, repaired, and replaced over time, and many horse owners must invest in multiple rugs to cover all seasons and weather conditions.
  
  

• Risk of injury can arise if rugs do not fit properly or if straps become loose. A horse may step on a rug that has slipped or become caught due to loose straps.

The importance of assessing individual needs rather than using rugs automatically cannot be overstated. Every horse is unique, and what works for one horse does not necessarily work for another.

Balancing protection with the horse’s natural ability to adapt to weather conditions requires observation and experience. The goal is to provide sufficient protection without making the horse unnecessarily dependent on artificial warmth.

The best approach is to start conservatively and adjust based on the horse’s response. Observe your horse closely and be ready to change your strategy if it shows signs of discomfort.

If the rug does not fit optimally, it can be helpful to contact the retailer to find the correct size. A better fit ensures improved comfort and helps keep your horse warm and content.

Choosing the right rug for your horse requires thought and an understanding of many factors—from temperature guidelines and fill weight to fit and materials.

Remember that this rug guide provides general guidelines, but the most important factor is your own observation of the horse. No one knows your horse better than you, and its reactions to changing weather conditions and rug use will guide you toward the best choices. Some horses need more fill than others, and some can even do without rugs altogether. That is why it is essential to always pay close attention to your horse to ensure you choose the right rug.

Start with basic rugs based on the weather and your horse’s needs, and gradually build your collection. Over time, you will develop an understanding of what works best and be able to adjust your approach as conditions and needs change.

Most importantly, always keep your horse’s welfare at the center of every decision, and remember that a good rug is an investment in your horse’s health and comfort.